6.3 Risk assessment tools for CGS projects in various field cases

A survey of various riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event tools that incorporate geologic CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event methodologies was conducted and updated with feedback from individucos involved in the development of specific riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event methodologies (Tab. 6-2).

Work undertaken to amend the conventions regulating injections under the sea-bed (i.e.,the London ConventionInternational convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter, which was adopted at London, Mexico City, Moscow and Washington on 29 December 1972/Protocol and the OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 Convention) have led to an agreement on a riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event framework (OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992, 2007) consisting of six essential steps. A methodological framework for assessing risks associated with CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) operations has been developed in the ECEuropean Commission-funded project CO2ReMoVe. A study for the IEAInternational Energy Agency Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%), and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2Carbon dioxide), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Programme (IEAInternational Energy Agency GHGGreenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2Carbon dioxide), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydroflurocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)International Energy Agency – Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%), and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2Carbon dioxide), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) R&D Programme, 2007) examined the transposition of the usual Environmental Impact Assessment frameworks for use with CCSCarbon dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) and Storage (CSLF, 20092009 - CSLFPhase I Final Report from CSLF Risk Assessment Task Forcesee more).

The OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 Framework for RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event and Management (FRAM) of Storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) of CO2Carbon dioxide Streams in Geological Formations (OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992, 2007) describes an iterative process that is proposed for continual improvement of the management of a storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) project during its lifetime. It has been designed to meet the requirements of off-shore storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) settings. The same framework with small adjustments would also be applicable for onshore CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) settings. It suggests that a simple conservative deterministic assessment is sufficient when adverse consequences are insignificant, but when a precautionary approach is necessary, the assessment should include probabilistic approaches to achieve acceptable results. This frameworks consists of the six following stages with some modifications for onshore storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) settings:

• Problem formulation defining the boundaries of the assessment and including scenarios and pathways (i.e., suitability of deep geological formations, nature of overburdenRocks and sediments above any particular stratum, characteristics of marine/land environment, need for long-term monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions),

• Site selection and characterization (i.e., coCarbon monoxidellection and evaluation of data concerning the site),

• Exposure assessment (i.e., characterization and movement of the CO2Carbon dioxide streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2Carbon dioxide captureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2Carbon dioxide and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%)),

• Effects assessment (i.e., assembly of information to describe the response of receptors),

• RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event characterization (i.e., integration of exposure and effect data to estimate the likely adverse impact),

• RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event management (i.e., including monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions, mitigationThe process of reducing the impact of any failure and remediation measures).

The FRAM approach is relevant to all phases throughout the life time of a CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) project defined by the OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 (2007) including planning, COnstruction, operation, site-closure and post-closurePeriod after transfer of responsibility to the competent authority (OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992, 2007; Korre and Durucan, 20092009 - A. Korre and S. DurucanA review of the international state of the art in risk assessment guidelines and proposed terminology for use in CO2 geological storagesee more).

In Europe, two EUEuropean Union Directives require the assessment of the impacts of major projects on the environment before they can be authorized: (a) Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Directive, relating to proposed plans and programmes; and (b) Environmental Assessment Directive, which requires that the environmental consequences of individual projects are identified and assessed before authorization is given, in particular the direct and indirect effects of a project on (i) human beings, fauna and flora; (ii) soil, water, air, climate and the landscape; (iii) material assets and the cultural heritage; and (iv) the interaction between the above factors (Stenhouse et al., 2009). In January 2008, the European Commission proposed a Directive to enable environmentally-safe captureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) and geological storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) of CO2Carbon dioxide in the EUEuropean Union as part of a major legislative package. The final version of the Directive (2009/31/ECEuropean Commission) was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 23^rd April 2009 (ECEuropean Commission, 2009). The EUEuropean Union member states are responsible for the transposition of the Directive to national legislation. In Annexes I and II of the Directive, the criteria for the characterization and assessment of potential storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) complex and surrounding area and the criteria for establishing and updating the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan are described respectively. The characterisation and assessment of the potential storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) complex and surrounding area referred to in Article 4(3) can be carried out in three steps:

Step 1 - Data collection covering the intrinsic characteristics of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex;

Step 2 - Building the three-dimensional static geological earth model or a set of such models of the candidate storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) complex including the caprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir and the hydraulically connected areas and fluids shall be built using computer reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids simulators;

Step 3 - Characterisation of the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) dynamic behaviour, sensitivity characterisation and riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event based on dynamic modelling, comprising a variety of time-step simulations of CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells into the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) site using the three-dimensional static geological earth model(s) in the computerised storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) complex simulator (the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event will comprise hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, effects assessment and riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event characterisation).