A large part of the European storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) capacityThe accumulated mass of CO2Carbon dioxide that can be stored environmentally safely, i.e., without causing leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column of CO2Carbon dioxide or native reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids fluids or triggering geologic activity that has a negative impact on human health or the environment is found in offshore saline aquifers, especially in the North Sea region, around Britain and Ireland, to some extent in the Barents Sea and likely in the Baltic Sea (Vangkilde-Pedersen et al., 2008). The first and best known industrial CCSCarbon dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) and Storage project in this domain is Sleipner in the Norwegian sector of North Sea (Chadwick et al., 20062006 - R. A. Chadwick, O. Eiken, P. Williamson, G. WilliamsGeophysical monitoring of the CO2 plume at Sleipner, North Sea: an outline reviewsee more; Fig. 2-10), from which a comprehensive information package is available. A couple of other offshore projects followed; Snøhvit, and K12-B. These projects were developed by the hydrocarbon industry years before the 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission Directive on geological storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) of carbon dioxide were proposed - rather these guidelines were based on findings of the projects.
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Fig. 2-10: The Sleipner project - CO2Carbon dioxide is stored in saline aquiferAn underground layer of fluid-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) with significant permeability to allow flow above gas field (Digitalt, Alligator film/BUG, Statoil ASA). |
| Tab. 2-8: Parameters important for the evaluation of storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) safety in offshore saline aquifers. (after Chadwick et al., 20062006 - R. A. Chadwick, O. Eiken, P. Williamson, G. WilliamsGeophysical monitoring of the CO2 plume at Sleipner, North Sea: an outline reviewsee more). | Parameter | Depth (of the reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids) | CaprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir thickness | CaprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir quality and integrity | Capillary entry pressureAdditional pressure needed for a liquid or gas to enter a pore and overcome surface tension | Closure | | Description | CO2Carbon dioxide in supercritical(CO2Carbon dioxide) Conditions where carbon dioxide has some characteristics of a gas and some of a liquid phase (depth and pressure correlate wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids, temperature depends on local geothermalConcerning heat flowing from deep in the earth gradient) | Primary at least of 20 m, recommended over 100 m and/or other caprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir complexes above | Low permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock, high capillary entry pressureAdditional pressure needed for a liquid or gas to enter a pore and overcome surface tension, rather no faulting and lateral facies' changes within the caprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir complex | Much higher than buoyancyTendency of a fluid or solid to rise through a fluid of higher density force of the column of injected CO2Carbon dioxide (injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells simulations assess the safe amount of CO2Carbon dioxide) | AnticlineFolded geological strata that is convex upwards height sufficient the plume will not exceed the spill pointThe structurally lowest point in a structural trap that can retain fluids lighter than background fluids (injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells simulations necessary in order to assess the controllable amount) | |
The obvious safety precaution for storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) in saline aquifers offshore is to avoid direct conflicts with hydrocarbon production, though pressure build-up within an aquiferAn underground layer of fluid-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) with significant permeability to allow flow just below the gas horizon might be beneficial to gas production. Insignificant leaks from natural pathways are usually ignored because such phenomena are known to occur naturally. Failures of transport and storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) infrastructure (wells) do matter, as wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids as major leakages due to faulting and insufficient quality and integrity of caprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir; the criteria presented above have to be applied in order to avoid such a situation when selecting storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) sites. In principle, similar parameters are important for offshore as for onshore storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) (Tab. 2-8), except the fact that groundwater protection is not important offshore.