2 CO2 STORAGE SITE OPERATION RISKS AND REGULATIONS

During storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere operation, the CO2Carbon dioxide is transported from the sourceAny process, activity or mechanism that releases a greenhouse gas, an aerosol, or a precursor thereof into the atmosphere location(s) and injected into the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids according to the volumes and rates specified in the site development plan (Groenenberg et al., 2009). The site operation phase (Fig. 2-1) is one of the most important periods from a riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event management perspective, because large scale commercial CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells into the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex is initiated and conducted and the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event of irregularities and potential leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column as a result of the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells project is highest. During the site operation phase, the migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks and movement of CO2Carbon dioxide may follow different pathways as the plume develops and expands, and pressures start to increase, also affecting riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event evolution (ICF, 2011).

The storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere operation activity follows several licencing procedures, i.e., site investigation, drilling and storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere licencing procedures, which infer the use of a 3D geological model, a monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan and that detailed risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system has been carried out. The key aspects of the operation phase are the need to evaluate the degree to which the site is performing as expected according to predictive models that have been used to carry out performance assessment and evaluate the evolving containmentRestriction of the movement of a fluid to a designated volume (e.g. reservoir) risks through on-going riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event assessments. Performance and riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event assessments should be carried out at intervals determined in discussion with the regulator (at least once a year according to the EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide (2009/31/ECEuropean Commission).

With on-going monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions, there will be a continuous flow of new information and data about the project and its performance. The monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan and activity are essential parts of the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event management approach. The results from injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells and monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions should be used by the operator to verify, test and iterate the risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system, validate models and performance predictions iteratively. The results may require that operational parameters and limits stated in the original site development plan be adjusted to reflect updated understanding of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere performance (Fig. 2-2). The results must also be reported to the competent authority in line with the CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage Directive. The CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage directive also requires a range of necessary actions and safeguards to be in place because of the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event arising from the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of large volumes of CO2Carbon dioxide.