MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions information is very relevant for providing an overview on the operational history of a site and therefore to evaluate its impact on wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids abandonment(wells) Actions taken to ensure permanent isolation of the fluids and pressures of exposed permeable zones within a well from the surface and from lower pressured zones. Particularly real data on pressure, chemistry and plume behaviour are essential for any risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere area and penetrating wells. Therefore, an appropriate riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event-based monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan is already required as part of any site authorisation. The proposed monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plans will be reassessed based on available models and monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions data during the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells phase and an adapted post-injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan will need to be resubmitted to the relevant authority. Because there are a many different storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere-sites, the requirements on monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plans should always be site-specific. However, to achieve at least some consistency the regulations should state objectives and performance standards rather than specific techniques to be applied. This allows for new techniques to be applied.
In General, considering EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission and WRI Guidelines, the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan should consider:
- Site specificity, plans to take site characteristics into account.
- MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plans according to site characterisation and risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system. High riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event areas would require more heavily monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions.
- sufficient extension of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions area (cover plume and surrounding environment)
- preventive/corrective measures (monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions to ensure their effectiveness)
- best practice technology, flexibility to keep up with advancing technologies
- required frequency for the defined technique and regular/routine reporting and interpretation of data
- Flexibility, update monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions according to changes in risks, technology, etc.
- Baseline monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions to make inferences with monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions
- Possible change in monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions frequency after cessation of injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells
- Possible monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions for the time after the liability-transfer. Liability transfer demands the demonstration of site safety, but maybe low level monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions should be considered to confirm this.
There is a wide range of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions options respective parameters to be monitored according to the decided site-technique. A short guide is taken from CO2Care D 1.2(Wollenweber, 2012) and lists the following:
- InjectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids parameters:
- InjectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells rate
- Pressure and temperature at wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids head
- Chemical analysis of injected material
- Volume of injected CO2Carbon dioxide
- FormationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it pressure and temperature
- WellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids performance and integrity
- Mechanical integrity
- Corrosion monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids
- Pressure fall of testing. Designed to determine if reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids pressures are tracking predicted pressures and modelling inputs
- MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids parameters (confining zone and above)
- Pressure and temperature data
- CO2Carbon dioxide saturation
- Geochemical data
- Geophysical images of the plume
- Seismic
- Electrical surveys
- Microgravity
- Surface deformation -> information on CO2 plumeDispersing volume of CO2-rich phase contained in target formation
- Surface detection
- Groundwater samples
- Soil-gas surveys
All monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plans must be chosen according to the particular risks of the project. The decision on spatial/temporal monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions frequency for satisfactory results should of course be site-specific. Seismic monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions surveys are cost intensive, but should provide at least the cover of the CO2 plumeDispersing volume of CO2-rich phase contained in target formation. The number and position of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions wells and surface monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions station should be based on the individual risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system of the project and is therefore within the responsibility of the authorities. Indirect methods used for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions require adequate knowledge about the relation between measured quantity and CO2Carbon dioxide. The main factor for deciding on monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions techniques is the cost/benefit ratio. Low cost - high benefit monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions will definitely be used, whereas high cost - low benefit tools are unlikely to be used unless they are considered vital.