6. REFERENCES

The following Regulations, Agreements, Directive and Communication are cited:

EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide, 2009. Directive 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/ECEuropean Commission, 2001/80/ECEuropean Commission, 2004/35/ECEuropean Commission, 2006/12/ECEuropean Commission, 2008/1/ECEuropean Commission and Regulation (ECEuropean Commission) No 1013/2006 (1). Official Journal of the European Union 2009; L140:114-35.

EUEuropean Union ETSEmissions Trading System, defined in the EU ETS Directive 2003/87/EC amended by Directive 2009/29/EC Directive, 2003. Directive 2003/87/ECEuropean Commission of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/ECEuropean Commission. Official Journal of the European Union L275:32-46.

EUEuropean Union Water Framework Directive (2000/60/ECEuropean Commission) of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy. EUEuropean Union Groundwater Directive (2006/118/ECEuropean Commission) of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration.

COM(2006) 231. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection [SEC(2006)620] [SEC(2006)1165]

2006/0086 (COD). Environment: strategy for the protection and sustainable use of soil. A proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and the Council for the protection of soil and Amending Directive 2004/35/ECEuropean Commission (COM(2006)0232 - C6-0307/2006-2006/0086(COD))

Council of Europe, 20002000 - Council of EuropeEuropean Landscape Conventionsee more. European Landscape Convention. Council of Europe Treaty Series no. 176.

Commission Decision of 18 July 2007 establishing guidelines for the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and reporting of greenhouse gasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/ECEuropean Commission of the European Parliament and of the Council, 2007/589/ECEuropean Commission.

Commission Decision of 8 June 2010 amending Decision 2007/589/ECEuropean Commission as regards the inclusion of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and reporting guidelines for greenhouse gasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emissions from the captureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere, transport and geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, 2010/345/EUEuropean Union.

ISO 31000:2009. RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event Management - Principles and guidelines. http://www.iso.org/iso/

MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and Reporting Guidelines (MRGIn line with the EU ETS Directive, the Commission has adopted guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, known as the "MRG") under the ETSEmissions Trading System, defined in the EU ETS Directive 2003/87/EC amended by Directive 2009/29/EC Directive (Commission Decision 2007/589/ECEuropean Commission on MRGIn line with the EU ETS Directive, the Commission has adopted guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, known as the "MRG" and Commission Decision 2010/345/EUEuropean Union amending Commission Decision 2007/589/ECEuropean Commission).

Guidance Document 2, 2011. Implementation of Directive 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission on the Geological Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of Carbon Dioxide. Guidance Document 2 "Characterisation of the Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere Complex, CO2 StreamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage Composition, MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and Corrective Measures". DOI: 10.2834/98293. 148 pp.

OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992, 2007. Guidelines for RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event and Management of Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide Streams in Geological Formations.

UN, 19481948 - UNUniversal declaration of Human Rightssee more. Universal declaration of Human Rights. UN General Assembly, 10 December 1948. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml.

Scientific references

Aarnes, J., Carpenter, M., Flach, T., Solomon, S., Sollie, O.K., Johnsen, K. and Røsnes, O., 2010. CO2Carbon dioxide QUALSTORE: Guideline for selection and qualification of sites and projects for geological
storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide . - Det Norske Veritas report no. 2009-1425.

Alnes, H, Eiken, O., and Stenvold, T., 2008. MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions gas production and CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells at the Sleipner field using time-lapse gravimetry. Geophysics 73, WA 155-161.

Alnes, H., Eiken O., Nooner, S., Sasagawa, G., Stenvold, T., and Zumberge, M., 2011. Results from Sleipner gravity monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions: updated density and temperature. Energy procedia 4, 5504-5511.

Alpak, F.O., Torres-Verdí, C., and Sepehrnoori, K., 2004. Estimation of axisymmetric spatial distributions of permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock and porosityMeasure for the amount of pore space in a rock from pressure-transient data acquired with in situ permanent sensors. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 44, 231- 267.

Anderson, D.E. and Farrar, C.D., 2001. Eddy covariance measurement of CO2Carbon dioxide flux to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) from an area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California. Chemical Geology 177, 31-41.

Annunziatellis A., Beaubien SE., Ciotoli G., Finoia MG., Graziani S., and Lombardi S., 2009. Development of an innovative marine monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions system for CO2Carbon dioxide leaks: System design and testing. Energy Procedia 1, 2333-2340.

Arts, R. J., Meekes, J. A. C., Brouwer, J. H., van der Werf, M., Noorlandt, R. P., Paap, B. and Maas, J., 2011. Results of a monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions pilot with a permanent buried multicomponent seismic array at Ketzin. Energy Procedia 4, 3588-3595.

Arts, R., Eiken, O., Chadwick, A., Zweigel, P., van der Meer, L., and Zinszner, B., 2004. MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of CO2Carbon dioxide injected at Sleipner using time-lapse seismic data. Energy 29, 1383-1392.

Arts, R., van den Belt, F., Benedictus, T., Blom, M., de Buck, A., Croezen, H., Hofstee, C., Kolesar, Ch., Koryl, T., Lewitt, M., Nepveu, M., Stoiber, H., Wartmann, S. and Wildenborg, T., 2009. Support to the Introduction of the Enabling Legal Framework on Carbon Dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere and Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere (CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage). Association ASPEN, AEA Group, Didcot, 158 pp.

Asshoff, R., 2005. In situ effects of elevated CO2Carbon dioxide on plants and insects. PhD thesis, Univ. Basel. 130 pp.

Baker, J., 2008. Challenges and cautions in measuring evapotranspiration. Southwest Hydrology (January/February) 24-33.

Baldocchi, D.D., Valentini, R., Running, S., Oechel, W., and Dahlman, R., 1996. Strategies for measuring and modeling carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems. Global Change Biology 2, 159-168.

Baubron, J-C., 2005. Soil gas velocity and flux modeling using long-term Rn monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions: A new tool for deep CO2Carbon dioxide gas escape detection. In: Wilson, M., Morris, T., Gale, J., and Thambimuthu, K. (Eds). Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Control Technologies, Volume 2. Elsevier Science Limited., Oxford, UK. pp. 2115-2117.

Beaubien, S.E., Ciotoli, G., Coombs, P., Dictor, M.C., Krüger, M., Lombardi, S., Pearce, J.M., and West, J.M., 2008. The impact of a naturally occurring CO2Carbon dioxide gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy). International Journal of Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Control 2, 373-387.

Benson, S. M., 2007. MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of Carbon dioxide, carbon captureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere and geological sequestration: integrating technology, monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and regulation. In: E.J. Wilson and D. Gerard (Eds.) Blackwell Scientific Publishing, Ames, Iowa, Chapter 4.
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Benson, S., and Myer, L., 2002. MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions to ensure safe and effective geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Workshop on Carbon Dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere and Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere - 2002.

Benson, S., Cook, P., Anderson, J., Bachu, S., Bashir Nimir, H., Basu, B., Bradshaw, J., Deguchi, G., Gale, J., Goerne, G., Heidug, W., Holloway, S., Kamal, R., Keith, D., Lloyd, P., Rocha, P., Senior, B., Thomson, J., Torp, T., Wildenborg, T., Wilson, M., Zarlenga, F., Zhou, D., Celia, M., Gunter B., Ennis King, J., Lindeberg, E., Lombardi, S., Oldenburg, C., Pruess, K., Rigg, A., Stevens, S., Wilson, E., Whittaker, S., Borm, G., Hawkins, D. and Lee, A., 2005. Underground geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere. In: Carbon Dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere and Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere, IPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Metz et al (Eds), Cambridge University Press, UK, 197-276. http://www.ipccIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_wholereport.pdf.

Benson, S.M., 2006. Assessment of Risks from Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of Carbon Dioxide in Deep Underground Geological Formations. - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley. http://southwestcarbonpartnership.org/_Resources/PDF/GeologicalStorageRiskAssessmentV1Final.pdf (access: 2011-12-19).

Benson, S.M., Hepple, R., Apps, J., Tsang, C.F., and Lippmann, M., 2002. Lessons learned from natural and industrial analogues for storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of carbon dioxide in deep geologic formations. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Report LBNL-51170.

Bergmann, P., Yang, C., Lüth, S., Juhlin, C., and Cosma, C., 2011. Time-lapse processing of 2D seismic profiles with testing of static correction methods at the CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells site Ketzin (Germany). Journal of Applied Geophysics 75, 124-139.

Bickle, M., Chadwick, A., Huppert, H.E., Hallworth, M., and Lyle, S., 2007. Modelling carbon dioxide accumulation at Sleipner: implications for underground carbon storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 255, 164-176.

Blackshaw, J.K., Fenwick, D.C., Beattie, A.W., and Allan, D.J., 1988. The behaviour of chickens, mice and rats during euthanasia with chloroform, carbon dioxide and ether. Laboratory Animals 22, 67-75.

Boait, F., White, N., Chadwick, A., Noy, D., and Bickle, M., 2011. Layer spreading and dimming within the CO2 plumeDispersing volume of CO2-rich phase contained in target formation at the Sleipner field in the North Sea. Energy Procedia 4, 3254-3261.

Boreham, C., Underschultz, J., Stalker, L., Kirste, D., Freifeld, B., Jenkins, C. and Ennis-King, J., 2011. MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere in a depleted(hydrocarbon reservoir) one where production is significantly reduced natural gasGas stored underground; It consists largely of methane, but can also contain other hydrocarbons, water, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, these other substances are separated before the methane is put into a pipeline or tanker reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids: Gas geochemistry from the CO2Carbon dioxide CRC Otway Project, Australia. International Journal of Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Control 5, 1039-1054.

Bourgeois, B. and Girard, J.F., 2010. First modelling results of the EM response of CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere in the Paris BasinA geological region with sedimentary strata dipping towards a common axis or centre. Oil Gas Science and Technology 65, p. 597-614.

Brandvoll, O., Regnault, O., Munz, I.A., Iden, I.K., and Johansen, H., 2009. Fluid-solid interactions related to subsurface storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide experimental tests of wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids cement. Energy Procedia I, 3367-3374.

Calderón, A., Calvo, E., Figueroa, C.F., Martínez-Rivero, C., Matorras, F. Rodrigo, T., Vila, I., Virto, A.L., Arce, P., Barcala, J.M., Ferrando, A., Fuentes J., Josa, M.I., Luque, J.M., Molinero, A., Navarrete, J., Oller, J.C., Valdivieso, P., Fenyvesi, A., and Molnár, J., 2004. Results on neutron and gamma-ray irradiation of electrolytic tiltmeters. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 532, 631-638.

Calfapietra, C., Ainsworth, E.A., Beier, C., Angelis, P. De, Ellsworth, D.S., Godbold, D.L., Hendrey, G.R., Hickler, T., Hoosbeek, M.R., Karnosky, D.F., King, J., Körner, C., Leakey, A.D.B., Lewin, K.F., Liberloo, M., Long, S.P., Lukac, M., Matyssek, R., Miglietta, F., Nagy, J., Norby, R.J., Oren, R., Percy, K.E., Rogers, A., Mugnozza, G.S., Stitt, M., Taylor, G., and Ceulemans, R., 2009. Challenges in elevated CO2Carbon dioxide experiments on forests. - Trends Plant Science 15, 5-10.

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Carcione, J. M., Gei, D., Picotti, S. and Michelini, A., 2012. Cross-hole electromagnetic and seismic modeling for CO2Carbon dioxide detection and monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions in a saline aquiferAn underground layer of fluid-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) with significant permeability to allow flow, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2012.03.018.

Carey, J.W., Svec, R., Grigg, R., Zhang, J. and Crow, W., 2010. Experimental investigation of wellboreThe physical hole that makes up the well, it can be cased, open, or a combination of both; open means open for fluid migration laterally between the wellbore and surrounding formations; cased means closing of the wellbore to avoid such migration integrity and CO2Carbon dioxide -brine flow along the casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled-cement microannulus, International Journal of Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Control 4, 272-282.

Carey, J.W., Wigand, M., Chipera, S.J., WoldeGabriel, G., Pawar, R., Lichtner, P.C., Wehner, S.C., Raines, M.A., 2007. Analysis and performance of oil wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids cement with 30 years of CO2Carbon dioxide exposure from the SACROC Unit, West Texas, USA. International Journal of Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Control I, 75-85.

Causebrook, R., 2010. RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event Evaluation and MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions. Presentation. CO2Carbon dioxide Geological Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere and Technology Summer School of CAGS, Sanya City, Hainan Island, PRC, Aug 21st - Aug 25th 2010.

Cavanagh, A. and Ringrose, P., 2011. Simulation of CO2Carbon dioxide distribution at the In Salah storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site using high-resolution field-scale models. Energy Procedia 4, 3730-3737.

Chadwick, A., Arts, R., Bernstone, C., May, F., Thibeau, S.,Zweigel, P., 2008. Best Practice for the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide in saline aquifers. Keyworth, Nottingham, British Geological Survey, 267 pp.

Chadwick, R. A., Eiken, O., Williamson, P., and Williams, G., 2006. Geophysical monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of the CO2 plumeDispersing volume of CO2-rich phase contained in target formation at Sleipner, North Sea: an outline review. In: Lombardi, S., Altunina, L.K., and Beaubien, S.E. (Eds.). Advances in the geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of carbon dioxide: international approaches to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emissions. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer, 303-314.

Chadwick, R.A., Zweigel, P., Gregersen, U., Kirby, G.A., Holloway, S., and Johannessen, P.N., 2004. Geological reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids characterization of a CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site: The Utsira Sand, Sleipner, northern North Sea. Energy 29, 1371-1381.

Chalaturnyk, R. and Gunter, W.D., 2005. Geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide: Time frames, monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and verification(CO2 storage) The proof, to a standard still to be decided, of the CO2 storage using monitoring results; (in the context of CDM) The independent review by a designated operational entity of monitored reductions in anthropogenic emissions. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Greenhouse GasGas in the atmosphere that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere, and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Control Technologies (GHGT-7), September 5-9, 2004, Vancouver, Canada, I, 623-632.

Chang, W.K., 2007. A simulation study of injected CO2Carbon dioxide migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks in the faulted reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. MSc in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, 180 pp.

Chiaramonte, L., Zoback, M. D., Friedmann, J., and Stamp, V., 2008. SealAn impermeable rock that forms a barrier above and around a reservoir such that fluids are held in the reservoir integrity and feasibility of CO2Carbon dioxide sequestration in the Teapot Dome EOREnhanced Oil Recovery: the recovery of oil additional to that produced naturally, achieved by fluid injection or other means pilot: geomechanical site characterization. Environmental Geology 54, 1667-1675.

Clyne, H., Phillips, I., James, A., 2011. CO2Carbon dioxide MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions: Taking the pulse of the CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirs. SPE 146216 presented at the SPE Offshore Europe Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Aberdeen, UK, 6-8 September 2011.

Cole, D.R., Horita, J., van Soest, M.C., Kennedy, B.M., and Morea, M.F., 2004. Gas chemistry and isotopic monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions during the CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells test at Lost Hills, CA.

Cracknell, A. P., 2007. Introduction to remote sensing. CRC Press, 335p.

Daley, T. M., Sharma, S., Dzunic, A., Urosevic, M., Kepic, A. and Sherlock, D., 2009. Borehole Seismic MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions at Otway Using the Naylor-1 Instrument String. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-2337E, 18 pp.

Damen, K., Faaij, A. and Turkenburg, W., 2006. Health, Safety and Environmental Risks of Underground CO2Carbon dioxide Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere - Overview of Mechanisms and Current Knowledge. Climatic Change 74, 289-318.

Dodds, K., Time-lapse EM and seismic imaging of a CO2 plumeDispersing volume of CO2-rich phase contained in target formation. National Energy Technology Laboratory Fourth Annual Conference on Carbon CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere and Sequestration, Alexandria, Virginia, May 2-5, 2005. GCCC Digital Publication Series #05-04d, pp. 1-35.

Duguid, A. and Tombari, J., 2007. Technologies for measuring wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids integrity in a CO2Carbon dioxide field, paper presented at the Sixth Annual Conference on Carbon CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere and Sequestration - DOE/NETL, 7- 10 May, 2007.

Environmental Protection Agency, 20082008 - Environmental Protection AgencyFederal Requirements Under the Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Geological Sequestration (GS) Wells, Proposed Rulesee more. Federal Requirements Under the Underground InjectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells Control (UIC) Program for Carbon Dioxide (CO2Carbon dioxide) Geological Sequestration (GS) Wells. Proposed Rule, 220 pp.

ERCB Energy Resources Conservation Board, 2010. WellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids Abandonment(wells) Actions taken to ensure permanent isolation of the fluids and pressures of exposed permeable zones within a well from the surface and from lower pressured zones, Directive 020, Revised Edition June 9, 2010.

Etheridge, D., Luhar, A., Loh, Z., Leuning, R., Spencer, D., Steele, P., Zegelin, S., Allison, C., Krummel, P., Leist, M., van der Schoot, M., 2011. Atmospheric monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of the CO2Carbon dioxide CRC Otway Project and lessons for large scale CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere projects. Energy Procedia, 4, 3666-3675.

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