This chapter briefly introduces the general monitoring concepts
suggested in pertinent publications. General monitoring concepts
provide a framework for setting up site-specific monitoring
programmes and give general recommendations for potentially
suitable techniques. The monitoring requirements are then described
in more detail, as specified by the EU CCS Directive and the
respective Guidance Documents and by the EU ETS Monitoring and
Reporting Guidelines.
High-level regulations in place are summarised including the
OSPAR and London protocol for protection of the marine environment
and the Clean Development Mechanism. Examples of international and
national regulations in place focus on the EU CCS Directive and its
transposition into national CO2 Storage Acts.
Examples of monitoring activities are summarised for five
current CO2 injection projects involving the full-scale
industrial projects at Sleipner, Weyburn-Midale, In Salah and the
smaller scale (research) pilot projects K12-B and Ketzin. Complex
monitoring programmes have been implemented at the different sites.
These monitoring programmes comprise methods that are needed in
order to perform the required operational and HSE monitoring as
well as technique/tools to be tested for research
purposes.
General monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions concepts give a comprehensive guideline on parameters to be potentially monitored and features to be considered when selecting appropriate monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions techniques. However, there is still a need for guidance on how to transfer general recommendations in monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions concepts to comprehensive, adequate, site-specific monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plans. In particular, the criteria to be used to define adequate and comprehensive monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plans are still a matter of debate. This chapter introduces published general monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions concepts, summarises international and national regulations defining requirements for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and illustrates monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions activities in five current CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) projects to support this debate. For more specific guidance on establishing a site-specific monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan the reader is referred to Chapter 4.