Complex monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions programmes have been deployed in current pilot and demo projects in order to respond to the requirements of the regulations in place, to respond to the issue of CO2Carbon dioxide geological storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) safety and to test the feasibility of using diverse geophysical, geochemical and biological methods for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions purposes.
MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions programmes implemented at demo and industrial-scale projects are restricted to most technical and cost effective monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions methods to comply with the legal and safety requirements. Many techniques applied have been adopted from wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids-established systems of the oil and gas industry. In the case of pilot projects, a wide variety of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions tools have been developed, adapted, tested and validated at a high level. Although not all tested techniques will be used widely at industrial scale, it is very important to obtain detailed information on the application of different monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions tools that can replace ‑ if needed ‑ a monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions tool that did not give the expected/reliable results or that provides additional information. Furthermore, some of the demo and industrial-scale projects have been involved in research projects to gain additional information beyond the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions data required by the regulators.
There are still open questions regarding the use of some techniques in CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells and storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and these techniques should be further investigated in order to decide on their use in this field and to specify the terms of applicability. Therefore, the future pilot and demo projects should contribute to this aspect. In addition, the list of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions techniques should be extended, more techniques should be tested and their feasibility investigated. Furthermore, some practical guidelines for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of natural gasGas stored underground; It consists largely of methane, but can also contain other hydrocarbons, water, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, these other substances are separated before the methane is put into a pipeline or tanker storages may be adapted to CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%).
Several monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions programmes from current pilot and demos are presented below, listing the techniques deployed and the results of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions at Sleipner, Weyburn-Midale, K12-B, In Salah and Ketzin. As shown from these monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions programmes, the common technique used for deep monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions, tracking the plume and leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column detection is the time-lapse seismic survey, deployed at a intervals of several years. Additional methods to time-lapse seismic were deployed in several sites, e.g. time-lapse gravimetry, seabedBoundary between the free water and the top of the seabottom sediment bathimetry and controlled sourceAny process, activity or mechanism that releases a greenhouse gasGas in the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) that absorbs and emits infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%), and clouds; thus, trapping heat within the surface-troposphere system. e.g. water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2Carbon dioxide), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), ozone (O3), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs), an aerosol, or a precursor thereof into the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) electromagnetic at Sleipner; passive seismic, electrical resistivity imaging, geochemical and soil gas surveys at Weyburn; microseimic, InSAR, groundwater monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions, soil gas and microbiological surveys, complex wireline logging at In Salah; extensive logging at K12-B; VSP, MSP, passive seismic, geoelectrical monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions, microbiological and geochemical monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions at Ketzin.