The main concerns regarding CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere operations is connected to possible failure of pipelines, wells or other components that could lead to CO2Carbon dioxide releases causing health and safety concerns for humans and/or the environment. CO2Carbon dioxide is a substance occurring naturally in blood gases of the human body and is not classified as a hazardous chemical, but if inhaled in sufficiently high concentrations it can have toxicological effects. The dangers of breathing in elevated concentrations of CO2Carbon dioxide are wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids known to people such as divers and anaesthetists. Outside these groups of specialists, knowledge about the impact of breathing elevated concentrations of CO2Carbon dioxide is generally low. Moderately elevated levels of CO2Carbon dioxide (2-6 %) induce adverse effects on humans such as headache, sweating, dizziness and difficulty in breathing. Very high levels of CO2Carbon dioxide may cause confusion, unconsciousness, coma and death (asphyxiation by displacing oxygen in the air). A large leak of CO2Carbon dioxide from a CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage operation has therefore the potential to be life threatening to people who might be caught within the subsequent CO2Carbon dioxide cloud. CO2Carbon dioxide cannot be seen or smelled, it provides no evidence of its presence that can be recognised by the senses.
The main technical considerations relating to riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event of CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere operations are the gas stream composition, temperature and pressure conditions. The effect of a potential CO2Carbon dioxide release would, however, also depend a lot on several external factors. Such factors need to be taken into account during risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and include the following: environment (subsea, subsoil, offshore, onshore, platform, vessel, confined space etc.), topography, wind and temperature conditions. Since CO2Carbon dioxide is heavier than air, it remains close to the surface of the space in a deep or shallow pool, therefore, topography considerations need to be taken into account when planning CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells infrastructures, i.e. pipeline routing.
Liquid CO2Carbon dioxide is a powerful solvent that can have unwanted effects on some lubricants and is also highly invasive and capable of penetrating materials and causing damage. SealAn impermeable rock that forms a barrier above and around a reservoir such that fluids are held in the reservoir elastomers are known to be vulnerable to explosive decompression damage, particularly when exposed to supercritical(CO2) Conditions where carbon dioxide has some characteristics of a gas and some of a liquid CO2Carbon dioxide. This means that careful selection of materials is very important for seals, flexible hoses, instruments, wire and cable insulators, controls and other safety-critical components (DNV, 2013).
Since CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage is a reasonably new technology, the industry and operational standards are still not generally accepted. Therefore, there is still a possibility that unknown effects and hazards could develop during the operational phase. Increase of experience and the stringent use of existing hazard management processes will reduce the likelihood of this to an acceptable level (DNV, 2013).
Besides the main technical considerations relating to riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event of CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere operations, the borehole operation itself may pose riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event to the groundwater zone and proper wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids surface casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled and cementing at appropriate depths is required to ensure isolation of protected groundwater sources and control of the wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids under maximum formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it and operating pressures.
All site activities need be performed in a manner that avoids endangering protected groundwater sources. Surface pipe should be set to a depth sufficient to ensure control of the wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids under maximum formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it pressures and operating pressures prior to the next casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled interval. CasingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled the wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids begins with the large-diameter conductor pipe being driven or augured into the ground through the surface rubble or loam to hard pan, usually to a depth of 8 to 30 m. The conductor pipe prevents caving and washout at the rig base and provides containmentRestriction of the movement of a fluid to a designated volume (e.g. reservoir) of the cement for the surface casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled at ground level. Once in place, the conductor casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled is grouted with cement to maintain integrity around the casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled and to prevent washouts.
The wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids should be drilled out through the conductor to below protected groundwater sources and the surface casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled should be run and cemented back to the surface to protect any groundwater sources encountered. The wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids should be drilled to total depth and cased with the appropriate grade, weight, and size of casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled to handle the operating parameters expected in the wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids and should be cemented back to the surface. At a minimum, the design of the casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled should account for the internal yield strength of the pipe, casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled collapse pressure, the pipe body yield, the required internal diameter of the pipe, and the corrosion resistance of the metallurgy.