Five different leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column events are identified in Guidance Document 1 of the EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide. These include caprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir deficiency, faults and fractures, structural spill of the trap(geology) A geological structure that physically retains fluids that are lighter than the background fluids, e.g. a convex fold, updipInclining upwards following a structural contour of strata leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column through high permeable intervals and transport of dissolved CO2Carbon dioxide out of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex. These are all very different in nature and are effects of the geological and anthropogenic conditions of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex. There is, therefore, no single solution to all these possible leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column events, hence the importance of treating each possible leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column event separately.
Not all potential leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column scenarios will be relevant to the various geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere options of CO2Carbon dioxide, since the trapping(CO2) Containment or immobilisation of CO2, there are four main trapping mechanisms: structural or stratigraphic trapping; residual CO2 trapping (capillary trapping) by capillary forces; solubility trapping by dissolution of CO2 in resident formation fluids forming a non-buoyant fluid; and mineral trapping where CO2 is absorbed by solid minerals present in the storage volume mechanisms of CO2Carbon dioxide are different depending on the geological conditions of the chosen storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site. Within the FRAM, potential leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column pathways have also been identified and their potential impacts during the life cycle of a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere project have been delineated (Fig 3-1).
Leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column can be predicted and also possibly avoided using numerical modelling, and flow modelling in particular, of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex. The many processes, e.g. hydrogeologicalConcerning water in the geological environment and geochemical processes, acting within a reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids, are commonly interlinked and dependent on each other. Therefore, all dependent processes must be considered during modelling in order to create the most accurate model, including rock property data, e.g. porosityMeasure for the amount of pore space in a rock, permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock, relative permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock, capillary pressures, fluid saturation and mineralogy. A list of different numerical codes that are used in modelling are listed in NETL (2011).
There are technologies to be used in order to avoid leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column, and decrease the effects of potential leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column from a geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide. Benson and Hepple (2005) summarised a number of actions that can be taken to mitigate leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column from the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids in different scenarios. As the nature of a geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide is that it is defined by natural geological boundaries, these are not likely to be "fixed" if leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column occurs. Therefore leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column remediation actions are about controlling the CO2Carbon dioxide within the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids and surrounding formations. Controlling actions include reductionThe gain of one or more electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion of pressure within the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids, increasing the pressure in the geological formationA lithostratigraphic subdivision within a sedimentary succession within which distinct rock layers can be found and mapped into which CO2Carbon dioxide is leaking and interception and extraction of the injected CO2Carbon dioxide before it leaks out of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids.