The main purpose of CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage technology is to prevent any further emissions of CO2Carbon dioxide to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) from fossil fuelOil, gas and coal are fossil fuels, formed over millions of years from the remains of plants and animals (fossils); they are hydrocarbons based energy production and other industrial processes which produce CO2Carbon dioxide. Leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column prevention is therefore essential in order to fulfil the purpose of the technology, in addition to avoiding any of the known negative effects to the environment and human health. It is therefore of exceptional importance that all risks relating to leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column of CO2Carbon dioxide are considered and accounted for during a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere project, starting at the very beginning, during the site selection stage. Leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column of CO2Carbon dioxide at a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site could occur from the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids through migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks pathways that pass through the overlying bedrock to the surface. These pathways may be natural (e.g. fractures) or anthropogenic (e.g. wells or mining infrastructure). Anthropogenic pathways such as artificial fractures created through hydraulic fracturing during the extraction of minerals and hydrocarbons may be a potential interest of conflict with geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide where they affect cap rock properties.
Regulatory regimes like OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 and the EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide clearly state the importance of riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event analysis and riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event management during a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere project in order to decrease the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event of leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column and therefore its effects on human health and the environment. Since the geological conditions of each potential storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site are site-specific, the laws and international agreements have to take this into account. The characterisation of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex and monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions the behaviour of the injected CO2Carbon dioxide are two mandatory operations in a CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere project and are regulated both by OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 and the EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide. Together they require accumulation of knowledge that can be used to detect leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column from the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site and enable the appropriate remediation measures to be undertaken in order to prevent leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column or to decrease the effects of leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column.
The composition of the CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage is also regulated. The composition of the CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage will determine the effects of leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column from a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site since the expected chemical and physical reactions within a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site are dependent on the composition of the injected CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage and the properties of the hosting rock. The effects of impurities in the CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage on potential leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column pathways are yet not fully understood and the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event of enhancing or causing leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column pathways is most likely dependent on the composition of the injected CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage and the surrounding bedrock.
Local laws and regulations will affect activities at and requirements for the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site. The EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide is transposed by the member states with some slight variations in detail (where it has been fully implemented). Other local planning, health and safety and environmental laws and regulations will also affect the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site activities. In addition, conflicts of interest and their consequences should always be considered in terms of the physical planning and regulatory regimes of each country.