Both for the already cancelled Longannet and Kingsnorth projects non-confidential FEED studies were released by the British government (Kingsnorth Carbon CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere & Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere Project, 2010; UK Carbon CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphere and Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere Demonstration Competition, 2011). All information in the sections on Longannet and Kingsnorth are based on the information from these FEED studies.
The Shell Longannet - Goldeneye project considered storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere in a depleted gas fieldReservoir rock where most of the gas has been extracted from between the grains of rock, with as target the Lower Cretaceous Valhall formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it (Captain SandstoneSand that has turned into a rock due to geological processes member) at about 2 km depth (and to a lesser extent a secondary reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids above, at a depth of about 1.5 km), in the central part of the UK sector of the North Sea. Each reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids has a sealAn impermeable rock that forms a barrier above and around a reservoir such that fluids are held in the reservoir complex of mudstones and the sealAn impermeable rock that forms a barrier above and around a reservoir such that fluids are held in the reservoir complex above the primary reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids also includes marls.
The monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan comprises to a large extent the same elements as the ROAD project, namely:
- Environmental baseline monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions using multi-beam echo sounding and seabedBoundary between the free water and the top of the seabottom sediment sampling and continuous tracerA chemical compound or isotope added in small quantities to trace flow patterns injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells;
- WellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids integrity using pressure and temperature gauges, distributed temperature sensing (DTS), tubing integrity logging and seabedBoundary between the free water and the top of the seabottom sediment CO2Carbon dioxide detection below the platform;
- CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells conformance using pressure, saturation and flow monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions;
- Lateral and vertical irregularity and plume conformance using time lapse seismic.
The main difference observed consists of the status of the time lapse seismic data. In the ROAD project, time lapse seismic data is considered as contingency monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions, triggered by an irregularity observed on other monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions data (essentially the pressure data), whereas at Goldeneye time-lapse seismic monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions is part of the standard monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions program. This can be justified by the fact, that in the shallower Goldeneye reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids delineation of the plume in the reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids is expected observable on the time-lapse seismic data, in contrast to the deeper P18-4 reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids of the ROAD project.
Furthermore the seabottom imaging and sampling program seems more extensive at Goldeneye than for ROAD, which can be explained by the presence of existing pockmarks at the seabottom at Goldeneye and by the presence of seven abandoned wells in the area. These are absent in and above the P18-4 reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids of ROAD.
The last major difference consists of the number of injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells wells, originating from a conversion of the five existing gas production wells into injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells wells. One of these wells will serve as a monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids at an early stage of the project to see the saturation front passing by. At ROAD the P18-4 reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids is spatially much more confined by faults, with no additional wells penetrating the reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids. The only wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids partially used for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions will be the P18-1 wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids, which penetrates the neighbouring P15-9 field. Regular checks for CO2Carbon dioxide contents might be taken, as wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids as pressure measurements to investigate potential (though highly unlikely) communication between the two fields.
Otherwise the philosophy at Goldeneye and P18-4 (ROAD) is highly comparable in the sense, that the plan aims essentially at detecting irregularities and then triggers a more extensive contingency monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions program.
Selection of the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions technologies at Goldeneye is based on the following factors: riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event relevance, measurability, operational constraints, competitiveness and proven technology.
The Bowtie Method (DNV, 2010a) as wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids as Shell's own riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event matrix are used for a systematic risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system of events with the potential to affect storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere integrity and performance.
The program complies with the high level requirements of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere directive and its implementation in the UK and addresses the EUEuropean Union ETSEmissions Trading System, defined in the EU ETS Directive 2003/87/EC amended by Directive 2009/29/EC MRGIn line with the EU ETS Directive, the Commission has adopted guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions, known as the "MRG" guidelines as wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids, since leakages for the full chain are addressed. The shallow seabedBoundary between the free water and the top of the seabottom sediment monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of the Longannet project addresses comprehensively the OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 guidelines.