In the In Salah CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere project, different Quantitative RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event assessments (QRA) methodologies have been conducted. Pre-injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event highlighted the key risks and informed the baseline data acquisition programme and early monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions (Mathiesson, 20122012 - A. MathiessonIn Salah CO2 Storage Project: Monitoring Experiencesee more). Four methods were applied to this project (Dodds et al., 20112011 - K. Dodds, M. Waston and I. WrightEvaluation of risk assessment methodologies using the In Salah CO2 storage project as a case historysee more; Paulley et al., 20112011 - A. Paulley, R. Metcalfe and L. LimerSystematic FEP and scenario analysis to provide a framework for assessing long-term performance of the Krechba CO2 storage system at In Salahsee more): the RISQUE QRA process developed for CO2CRC (Bowden and Rigg, 20042004 - A. R. Bowden and A. RiggAssessing Risk in CO2 Storage Projectssee more); the CertificationIn the context of carbon trading, certifying that a project achieves a quantified reduction in emissions over a given period Framework (CF) (Oldenburg et al., 20092009 - C. M. Oldenburg, S. L. Bryant and J.-P. NicotCertification Framework Based on Effective Trapping for Geologic Carbon Sequestrationsee more); the Quantitative RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event Through Time Analysis (QRTT), an approach developed within BP, and the FEPs approach.
-
Based on the URS RISQUE method, the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event quotient for 'migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks direction' was determined where a likelihood of the event was assessed a value of a 'possible' (0.01) to 'highly probable' (0.1) with a leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column rate of 200,000 to 250,000 T/yr. The leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column rate was based on future injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells rates and modeled plume migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks. It was assumed that, if this riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event was to eventuate, there would be a delay in the detection of up to 5 years due to data acquisition, interpretation and implementation of a response strategy. Three response actions were evaluated to demonstrate the effect of differing responses on the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event quotient. The expert group evaluated the relative reductionThe gain of one or more electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion in likelihoods and/or consequences that could reasonably be achieved through implementing three possible riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event response actions. The dominant containmentRestriction of the movement of a fluid to a designated volume (e.g. reservoir) riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event event seems to be migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks direction, which would be considered to be an unacceptable riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event since it exceeds the target riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event for a single event by around one order of magnitude. All of the other containmentRestriction of the movement of a fluid to a designated volume (e.g. reservoir) riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event events show riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event levels that are more than one order of magnitude less than the target for individual events and are therefore COnsidered to pose an acceptable riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event. MigrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks direction poses around two orders of magnitude more riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event than the second highest event, wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column. There are many potential processes that could allow this loss of containmentRestriction of the movement of a fluid to a designated volume (e.g. reservoir) by migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks direction (e.g. uncertainty regarding the location and depth of the structural spill-point, possibility of a fractured reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids) (Dodds et al., 20112011 - K. Dodds, M. Waston and I. WrightEvaluation of risk assessment methodologies using the In Salah CO2 storage project as a case historysee more).
-
The CertificationIn the context of carbon tradingA market-based approach that allows those with excess emissions to trade that excess for reduced emissions elsewhere, certifying that a project achieves a quantified reduction in emissions over a given period Framework (CF) was applied at two different stages in the state of knowledge of the project: (a) at the pre-injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells stage, using data available just prior to injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells around mid-2004; and (2) after four years of injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells (September 2008) to be comparable to the other riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event assessments. The main riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event drivers for the project are CO2Carbon dioxide leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column into potable groundwater and into the natural gasGas stored underground; It consists largely of methane, but can also contain other hydrocarbons, water, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, these other substances are separated before the methane is put into a pipeline or tanker cap. The CF approach takes great care in defining boundaries of the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) region. Both wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column and fault(geology) A surface at which strata are no longer continuous, but are found displaced/fractureAny break in rock along which no significant movement has occurred leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column are likely under some conditions, but overall the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event is low due to ongoing mitigationThe process of reducing the impact of any failure and monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions activities. Results of the application of the CF during these different state-of-knowledge periods show that the assessment of likelihood of various leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column scenarios increased as more information became available, while assessment of impact stayed the same (Oldenburg et al., 2008). The overall CO2Carbon dioxide Leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event (CLR) as determined by the CF method is estimated as low for the In Salah Storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) project at Krechba. The largest riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event is to USDW by CO2Carbon dioxide leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column into wells via poorly cemented annuli and a subsurface blowout via casingA pipe which is inserted to stabilise the borehole of a well after it is drilled defects and available research indicates such an event has less than a 1% probability over the project life. However given the known poor sealAn impermeable rock that forms a barrier above and around a reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids such that fluids are held in the reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids integrity at several suspended legacy appraisal wells within the lease area, this probability is likely higher at Krechba (Dodds et al., 20112011 - K. Dodds, M. Waston and I. WrightEvaluation of risk assessment methodologies using the In Salah CO2 storage project as a case historysee more).
-
The QRTT (Quantitative RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event Through Time) technique is an internal BP methodology that evaluates the relationship between the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event mechanisms for CO2Carbon dioxide loss and the stochastically forecasted, changing dynamics of the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) system (i.e., formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it pressure, fluid chemistry). The In Salah QRTT analysis was carried out over three pathways to represent the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event mechanics from the three injectors. The URS 2008 RISQUE riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event outputs were used to populate the QRTT tool. To assign pressure dependency on the various risks, it was assumed that the likelihoods for relevant riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event were judged at the maximum likely pressure that the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event mechanism would experience. The temporal riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event analysis of the In Salah CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) project is displayed as a series of riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event curves for cumulative riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event, overburdenRocks and sediments above any particular stratum integrity, wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids integrity and lateral leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column. The temporal riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event output shows that the heightened leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event for the project occurs during the operational (injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells phase). The majority of riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event is a consequence of the high injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells pressure relative to the low permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock and small pressure window of operation for the In Salah Project. The key riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event controlling this is migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks direction. WellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event is moderate through the 1,000 year riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event period (Dodds et al., 20112011 - K. Dodds, M. Waston and I. WrightEvaluation of risk assessment methodologies using the In Salah CO2 storage project as a case historysee more).
-
A Structured qualitative approach needed to support assessment has been applied to this industrial scale project at Krechba. A qualitative Performance Assessment (PA) framework was devised and implemented. The approach included identification of the FEPs that describe the Krechba system and its likely evolution. An 'expected evolution' scenarioA plausible description of the future based on an internally consistent set of assumptions about key relationships and driving forces; note that scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts was then identified by systematically evaluating existing knowledge. Scenarios describing potential situations that could involve alternative evolution mechanisms were also identified; these included consideration of mechanisms that could in principal lead to containmentRestriction of the movement of a fluid to a designated volume (e.g. reservoir) failure. These scenarios can be analysed to show that they are either unlikely to occur and/or will be limited impact and so do not represent threats to adequate performance. After audit against Quintessa's freely available generic online CO2Carbon dioxide FEP database to ensure demonstrate comprehensiveness, the site-specific scenarios identified and the associated list of remaining uncertainties, were used to prioritise future (e.g. systems modelling) work. The process was systematic, transparent and in line with guidance from documents concerning legislation and regulation. The outcomes have been used to identify uncertainties, prioritise ongoing work, including systems modelling approaches, and update the FEP and scenarioA plausible description of the future based on an internally consistent set of assumptions about key relationships and driving forces; note that scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts descriptions (Paulley et al., 20112011 - A. Paulley, R. Metcalfe and L. LimerSystematic FEP and scenario analysis to provide a framework for assessing long-term performance of the Krechba CO2 storage system at In Salahsee more).