According to the EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions is essential to assess:
- whether injected CO2Carbon dioxide is behaving as expected,
- whether any migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks or leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column occurs, and
- whether any identified leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column is damaging the environment or human health.
For this, the operator is required to monitor the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex and the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells facilities on the basis of a monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan. The operator needs to report the results of the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions to the competent authority at least once a year. In addition, Member States are required to establish a system of inspections to ensure that the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site is operated in compliance with the requirements of the EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide. Detailed monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions guidelines based on EU CCS DirectiveDirective 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide requirements are available in the Guidance Document 2 (2011) "Implementation of Directive 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission on the Geological Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of Carbon Dioxide. Guidance Document 2. Characterisation of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere Complex, CO2 StreamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage Composition, MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and Corrective measures".
According to the EUEuropean Union CCSs Directive (Article 13, Annex II and other articles) monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells tests may be included in the exploration permit. Applications to the competent authority for storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere permits shall include a proposed monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan including details on the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions in accordance with the guidelines established by Article 14 and Article 23(2) of the EUEuropean Union ETSEmissions Trading System, defined in the EU ETS Directive 2003/87/EC amended by Directive 2009/29/EC Directive 2003/87/ECEuropean Commission. The plan shall be updated in any case every five years to take account of changes to the assessed riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event of leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column, changes to the assessed risks to the environment and human health, new scientific knowledge, and improvements in best available technology.
The monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan shall be established according to the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event analysis and updated with the purpose of meeting the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions requirements at the different CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere project phases. The established monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan shall provide details of the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions to be deployed at the main stages of the project, including baseline, operational and post-closurePeriod after transfer of responsibility to the competent authority monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions. The following features shall be specified for each phase:
- parameters monitored;
- monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions technology employed and justification for technology choice;
- monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions locations and spatial sampling rationale;
- frequency of application and temporal sampling rationale.
The parameters to be monitored will be identified as to fulfil the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions purposes. The monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan shall in any case include continuous or intermittent monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of the following items:
- Fugitive emissions of CO2Carbon dioxide at the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells facility;
- CO2Carbon dioxide volumetric flow at injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells wellheads;
- CO2Carbon dioxide pressure and temperature at injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells wellheads (to determine mass flow);
- chemical analysis of the injected material;
- reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids temperature and pressure (to determine CO2Carbon dioxide phase behaviour and state).
The choice of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions technology shall be based on best practice available at the time of design. The following options shall be considered and used as appropriate:
- technologies that can detect the presence, location and migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks paths of CO2Carbon dioxide in the subsurface and at surface;
- technologies that provide information about pressure-volume behaviour and areal/vertical distribution of CO2Carbon dioxide plumeDispersing volume of CO2Carbon dioxide-rich phase contained in target formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to refine numerical 3D simulation to the 3D-geological models of the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it;
- technologies that can provide a wide areal coverage in order to captureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) information on any previously undetected potential leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column pathways across the areal dimensions of the complete storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) complex and beyond, in the event of significant irregularities or migrationThe movement of fluids in reservoir rocks of CO2Carbon dioxide out of the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) complex.
The monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions data shall be collated and interpreted. The observed results shall be compared with the behaviour predicted in dynamic simulation of the 3D-pressure-volume and saturation behaviour undertaken in the context of the safety characterisation. Where there is a significant deviation between the observed and the predicted behaviour, the 3D model needs to be recalibrated to reflect the observed behaviour. Where new CO2Carbon dioxide Sources, pathways and flux rates or observed significant deviations from previous assessments are identified as a result of history matching and model recalibration, the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions plan shall be updated accordingly.
After a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site has been closed, the operator remains responsible, amongst other things, for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions (post-closurePeriod after transfer of responsibility to the competent authority period). After the transfer of responsibilityTransfer of all rights and obligations associated with a storage site to a designated authority; will normally be granted when the obligations in the site closure permit has been met with an adequate level of confidence, monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions should be reduced to a level which still allows for identification of leakages or significant irregularities, and it should again be intensified if leakages or significant irregularities are identified.