There are many different directives, regulations and laws concerning CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) site monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions in place, implemented or developing in different parts of the world in particular in the USA, Canada, Australia and European Union. Only in the EUEuropean Union there is one common CCSCarbon dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) and Storage Directive applicable to all 27 Member States countries of the European economic area. In the US, Australia and Canada the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions requirements are defined at state and provincial level. As a consequence, for example, requirements for post-closurePeriod after transfer of responsibility to the competent authority monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions range between 15 and 50 years.
In Europe, "Directive 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) of carbon dioxide" was published on 5 June 2009, and entered into force on 25 June 2009. This Directive established a legal framework for the environmentally safe geological storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) of CO2Carbon dioxide. In article 39 "Transposition and transitional measures" it is stated that "Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by June 25th 2011", that they "shall communicate to the commission the text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in the field covered by this Directive" and that they "shall ensure" that the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) sites "are operated in accordance with the requirements of this Directive by 25 June 2012".
By the end of 2011, the transposition of the Directive into national law was approved by the European Commission for Spain only, although it was ready at national/ jurisdictional level in 13 countries (Austria, Denmark, Estonia, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, Sweden and the Netherlands) and two regions of Belgium.The process of transposing the EUEuropean Union CCSCarbon dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) and Storage DirectiveDirective 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide into national law and the assessment by the ECEuropean Commission whether the relevant national laws properly transpose the Directive is still on-going in 2013.
As a result, CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) is now, as of July 2012, permitted in several European countries (France, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, The Netherlands and U.K.) and it is expected that it will be permitted in Hungary. Only offshore storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%), mainly use of CO2Carbon dioxide for EOREnhanced Oil RecoveryThe recovery of oil additional to that produced naturally, achieved by fluid injection or other means: the recovery of oil additional to that produced naturally, achieved by fluid injection or other means purposes, is permitted in Denmark until 2020. CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) is permitted in Italy, excluding seismic areas; permitted in Belgium except in selected areas (without storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) capacityThe accumulated mass of CO2Carbon dioxide that can be stored environmentally safely, i.e., without causing leakage(in CO2Carbon dioxide storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) or water column of CO2Carbon dioxide or native reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids fluids or triggering geologic activity that has a negative impact on human health or the environment); and permitted in Greece, excluding areas where the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) complex extends beyond the Hellenic territory. CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) is permitted with limitations in Bulgaria. CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) is temporarily forbidden in Austria, Latvia, Sweden, and the Czech Republic. CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) is forbidden except for research and development in Estonia and Ireland. CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) is expected to be forbidden in Finland, and in Poland, except for demonstration projects (until 2024).
According to ECEuropean Commission requirements, countries have to transpose the EUEuropean Union CCSCarbon dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) and Storage DirectiveDirective 2009/31/ECEuropean Commission of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide in full extent, including CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) site monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions. Even the countries that decided to forbid storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) within their territories are required to have CCSCarbon dioxide CaptureThe separation of carbon dioxide from other gases before it is emitted to the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) and Storage regulations including regulation that refer to monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) sites. Exceptions from this requirement could be countries which do not have physical possibilities (capacity) for CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) (e.g. Estonia, Finland, parts of Belgium and Slovenia). In most of the national regulations the requirements for CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) site monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions are included in the law in line with the Directive, often prepared using "copy-paste" approach (Romania, U.K., etc.). According to the Directive, the results of the monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions must be included in the annual report submitted by the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) site operator to the competent authority. Specific and additional requirements for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions could be also included in regulations. For example Spain prolonged requirement for post-closurePeriod after transfer of responsibility to the competent authority monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions specified in the Directive as minimum 20 years up to 30 years (Krämer, 20112011 - L. KrämerCase studies on the implementation of Directive 2009/31/EC on the geological storage of carbon dioxidesee more).