3.1.2 OSPAR Convention

The OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 Convention (The Convention for the Protection of the marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) has published guidelines concerning risks related to storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide in off-shore geological formations in the north east Atlantic (OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 Guidelines for Risk AssessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and Management of Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide Streams in Geological FormationA lithostratigraphic subdivision within a sedimentary succession within which distinct rock layers can be found and mapped reference number, 2007). Countries that are parties of OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 include Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, together with the European Community. The guidelines have been ratified by Norway, Germany, the United Kingdom, Spain, European Union, Luxembourg, Denmark and the Netherlands (July 2011).

The OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 guidelines only consider storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere related CCSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage issues. The guidelines have been designed to ensure that if leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column does occur from a site of geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide, "it does not lead to significant adverse consequences for the marine environment, human health or other legitimate uses of maritime the area". OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 recognises that leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column of CO2Carbon dioxide into the marine environment may occur during injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells and/or from the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site after injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells. In general the guidelines aim to aid and facilitate the management of a CO2Carbon dioxide geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site so that:

• The suitability of a potential site is properly assessed and necessary measures of hazard reductionThe gain of one or more electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion, remediation and mitigationThe process of reducing the impact of any failure are identified.
• RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event characterisation to the marine environment is undertaken for each potential storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site.
• MonitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions is performed and a strategy to manage uncertainties and minimise risks is developed.

The guidelines also include a framework for risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and management of a geological CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site, also referred to as FRAM which is an integral part of the OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 guidelines. FRAM also considers developments of the London ProtocolProtocol to the London Convention, adopted in London on 2 November 1996 but which had not entered into force at the time of writing.

FRAM presents all the possible impacts of an eventual leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column in the marine environment. Section 1 of FRAM introduces a conceptual model of potential environmental pathways and effects (Fig. 3-1) to be considered for the risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and management of offshore storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere sites. Appendix 1 of FRAM includes all the relevant information needed for risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and management, while Appendix 2 identifies the issues that need more research. OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992-FRAM (2007) Appendix 3 classifies leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column as "the escape of that CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage from the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it into overlying formations, the water columnVertically continuous mass of water from the surface to the bottom sediments of a water body and the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%)".