The FRAM of the OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 guidelines (2007) recommends that the risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system is undertaken during the entire life cycle of a CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere project. The FRAM includes six stages covering the life cycle of a CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site, and the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event characterisation is one of these stages:
- Problem formulation,
- Site selection and characterisation,
- Exposure assessment,
- Effects assessment,
- RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event characterisation,
- RiskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event management (including monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions and mitigationThe process of reducing the impact of any failure).
During the problem formulation stage, data, including geoscientific data, is collected for use in the conceptual modelling of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site. The results from the modelling will be used later on in the site-specific risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system. Issues that are addressed during this first stage include a) the suitability of the proposed formationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it as a CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site, b) the nature of overlying bedrock c) the potential mobilisation of substances directly or indirectly connected to the CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage, d) the characteristics of the marine environment above and around the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site and e) records associated with the authorisation and licensing of a geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide which need to be maintained during a longer period of time than is usual in authorised practises.
The outcome of the site selection and characterisation process will be an assessment of the storage capacityThe accumulated mass of CO2 that can be stored environmentally safely, i.e., without causing leakage of CO2 or native reservoir fluids or triggering geologic activity that has a negative impact on human health or the environment of a specific storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site. It should demonstrate that the characteristics of the site enable safe long-term storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide so the marine environment and future uses of the maritime area are protected. The results should also establish a baseline for storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site management and monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions during the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells and post-injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells period. In the Appendix 1 of Annex 1 (a summary is presented in Table 3-1), the issues that may be considered during in the risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and management process are specified. The guidelines also provide examples of the relevant parameters that should be identified, qualified and quantified in the risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system process. Many of these parameters are collected during the site selection and characterisation process.
| Tab. 3-1: A summary of Appendix 1, OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992 Guidelines for Risk AssessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and Management of Storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide streams in Geological FormationA lithostratigraphic subdivision within a sedimentary succession within which distinct rock layers can be found and mapped reference number 2007-12 (after OSPARConvention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted at Paris on 22 September 1992, 2007). | Issue | Examples of parameters | | Characterisation of the CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage | Type and properties of other substances Concentration of other substances | | Location and geographical factors | Water depth FormationA body of rock of considerable extent with distinctive characteristics that allow geologists to map, describe, and name it depth Human health and safety | | Existence of amenities, biological features, and legitimate uses of the maritime area | Areas of special ecological, economical and scientific importance | | Regional geological settingThe geological environment | Regional geoscientific information | | Historical uses of the area | Man-made structures, e.g. wells | | ReservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids/sealAn impermeable rock that forms a barrier above and around a reservoir such that fluids are held in the reservoir evaluation | Geological, geophysical, geochemical and geomechanical characteristics of the reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids and sealAn impermeable rock that forms a barrier above and around a reservoir such that fluids are held in the reservoir. | | Marine environment characterisation | Ocean current, sea floor topology Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the seabedBoundary between the free water and the top of the seabottom sediment, sediments and overlying waters. | | Economic/regulatory factors | Economic feasibility including impact on other sea-bed resources Regulatory framework | |
The exposure assessment characterises the potential effects of leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column on the marine environment, human health and other legitimate uses of the maritime area. This additional information can be used in the wider risk assessmentA process intended to calculate or estimate the risk to a given target, part of a risk management system and riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event mitigationThe process of reducing the impact of any failure process.
The assessment of the effects of CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere describes the expected consequences of storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere at a specific site. A prerequisite for storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere is that no significant leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column will occur, however, the effects assessment should demonstrate that, if leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column from a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site should occur, there is no significant harmful consequence to the marine environment, human health and other legitimate uses of the maritime area.
The outcome of the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event characterisation is an "Impact Hypothesis". It is a statement describing the expected consequences of geological storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere of CO2Carbon dioxide, which can be used to reject or approve a proposed storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site and to define monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions requirements from an environmental point of view.
The purpose of the riskConcept that denotes the product of the probability of a hazard and the subsequent consequence of the associated event management plan is to ensure that geologically stored CO2Carbon dioxide is retained within the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site and to minimise the effects of possible leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column events including of incidental associated substances and substances that have been mobilised by the CO2 streamA flow of substances resulting from CO2 capture processes, or which consists of a sufficient fraction of CO2 and sufficiently low concentrations of other substances to meet specifications of streams permitted for long term geological storage.