Leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column of CO2Carbon dioxide from the ground into the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) (also referred to as "seepage") can result in health, safety, and environmental risks, including asphyxiation of humans or animals. It is wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids known that high concentrations of CO2Carbon dioxide are toxic to most air-breathing animals, including humans. The effects of CO2Carbon dioxide depend though on the concentration of CO2Carbon dioxide, the duration of exposure and the concentration of O2 (Rice, 2004). According to the same author the clinical effects of the CO2Carbon dioxide exposure over the human health are physiological (e.g. increase of the respiratory rate, cardiac arrhythmias), anaesthetic (depression of the central neural system activity) and lethal (severe acidosis and anoxia). CO2Carbon dioxide can also act as an asphyxiant by displacing atmospheric O2. Signs of asphyxia are noted when the atmospheric oxygen concentration is ≤ 16% and it is fatal at ≤ 8% (Rice, 2004). This preliminary evaluation suggested that acute exposure to CO2Carbon dioxide concentrations <3% and prolonged exposure to concentrations around 1% may significantly affect health in the general population. Besides the duration and magnitude of exposure, the effects of CO2Carbon dioxide exposure depend also on individual factors, such as age, health, physiologic make-up, physical activity, occupation, and lifestyle (Rice, 2004). Several categories of sensitive population groups identified in the same study include cerebral disease and trauma patients, infants and children, individuals performing complex tasks, medicated patients, panic disorder patients and pulmonary and coronary disease patients.
Although it cannot be considered as analogues for eventual CO2Carbon dioxide leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column from a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site, as the release of CO2Carbon dioxide was much more rapid than would be expected from a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site, the disasters from lake Monoun (1984, 37 humans died) and lake Nyos (1986, 1,700 people and 3,500 livestock killed) from Cameroon emphasise the potential impact that a sudden and large-scale release of CO2Carbon dioxide can have on human population. At each of these deep crater lakes, CO2Carbon dioxide had been accumulating at the deep lake waters and which was suddenly released. The release was suddenly triggered by a sudden event (landslide according to one theory). Being denser than air, the CO2Carbon dioxide cloud remained for a relatively long period near the ground in the valley. At Lake Nyos the CO2Carbon dioxide cloud resulted in more casualties as the released quantity was very large (up to 300 kt) and extended over 25 km from the lake, affecting several villages. The topography of the Lake Nyos area also played in crucial role in the disaster since it did not allow the cloud to disperse (Damen et al., 2005). In typical topographical conditions and at normal wind velocities, small, isolated leaks will be dispersed. These cases highlight the need for paying special attention to monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions the areas around the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site that offer good conditions for the accumulation of large quantities of CO2Carbon dioxide if released from the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site. It is also worth mentioning that, according to modelling results, a CO2Carbon dioxide leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column from a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site, even from a wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids, will be at a much slower rate than the leak at the so called "killer lakes" such as Lake Nyos.