Surface uplift can represent an (undesirable) accompanying consequence of CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%), especially at shallower storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) sites with higher pressure increase in the storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosityMeasure for the amount of pore spaceSpace between rock or sediment grains that can contain fluids in a rock and permeabilityAbility to flow or transmit fluids through a porous solid such as rock to store and transmit fluids. In the worst-case scenarioA plausible description of the future based on an internally consistent set of assumptions about key relationships and driving forces; note that scenarios are neither predictions nor forecasts, excessive or uneven uplift can result in damage to installations and real estates on the surface.
The phenomenon of surface distortions is wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of fluids known from the oil and gas industry, especially at producing oil and gas fields or at natural gasGas stored underground; It consists largely of methane, but can also contain other hydrocarbons, water, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, these other substances are separated before the methane is put into a pipeline or tanker storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) sites (e.g. Gurevich and Chilingarian, 19931993 - Alexander E. Gurevich, George V. ChilingarianSubsidence over producing oil and gas fields, and gas leakage to the surfacesee more; Kühn et al., 2009; Nagel, 20012001 - NB NagelCompaction and subsidence issues within the petroleum industry: From Wilmington to Ekofisk and beyondsee more). It has long been recognised that the withdrawal or injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of any kind of fluid or material from or into the subsurface will generate displacement zones and underground deformations, which can be described in terms of volumetric changes. Such subsurface deformations induce ground level movements. These induced ground surface deformations are measurable quantities that are typically measured as vertical displacements, horizontal displacements and tilts, which are the gradient of surface deformations (Monfared and Rothenburg, 20112011 - Kamelia Atefi Monfared, Leo RothenburgGround surface displacements and tilt monitoring for reconstruction of reservoir deformationssee more). injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells of CO2Carbon dioxide for geological storage(CO2Carbon dioxide) A process for retaining captured CO2Carbon dioxide, so that it does not reach the atmosphereThe layer of gases surrounding the earth; the gases are mainly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (around 21%) purposes does not defy these rules.
An overview of methods suitable for monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions of surface uplift, or surface deformation in general, is provided, e.g. by McColpin, 20092009 - G. R. McColpinSurface deformation monitoring as a cost effective MMV methodsee more. According to this author, the methods in question fall under the general term Surface Deformation monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions (SDM) that is defined as "the process of monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions ground dilation and/or subsidence caused by the injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells or extraction of fluids and gases". Tiltmeters, Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) are the main monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions techniques available for these purposes.