Geomechanical effects of CO2Carbon dioxide storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere may also have negative consequences for HSEHealth, safety and environment. CO2Carbon dioxide injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells in the deep underground causes inevitably changes of the pre-existing underground pressure patterns. The influence of injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells may reach far beyond the space occupied by the injected fluid. The geomechanical reaction of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex on these induced stresses will result in the deformation of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex. Deformation can either be localised or may affect large rock volumes. It can be rapid or slow.
Accordingly, different phenomena may be expected. Locally, incidents of rapid deformation may result in severe impacts and thus pose high risks. Geomechanical monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions data are needed for keeping injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells rates and resulting pressures within limits permitted for safe storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere operation.
Leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column risks are given, when the pressure within a storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids exceeds its fractureAny break in rock along which no significant movement has occurred strength or the capillary entry pressureAdditional pressure needed for a liquid or gas to enter a pore and overcome surface tension of caprocks. Fracturing may not only result in leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column, it could trigger micro-seismic events, that can be recorded and provide an early warning to operators so that counter-measures could be taken to reduce pressures and prevent/stop leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column. Pressures could also exceed the strength of pre-existing faults, which could trigger macro-seismic events (induced earthquakes) or open older mineralised fault(geology) A surface at which strata are no longer continuous, but are found displaced zones, which could become a pathway for leakage(in CO2 storage) The escape of injected fluid from the storage formation to the atmosphere or water column then. Hence, pressure monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions at critical points within the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere complex is essential for safe storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere operations. While risks for fracturing of a caprockRock of very low permeability that acts as an upper seal to prevent fluid flow out of a reservoir are highest at high points within the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere reservoirA subsurface body of rock with sufficient porosity and permeability to store and transmit fluids and close to injectionThe process of using pressure to force fluids down wells wells, fault reactivationThe tendency for a fault to become active, i.e. for movement to occur might happen in the surroundings of the storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere site as wellManmade hole drilled into the earth to produce liquids or gases, or to allow the injection of fluids.
The gradual gentle deformation of larger rock volumes including the land surface, known from natural gasGas stored underground; It consists largely of methane, but can also contain other hydrocarbons, water, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, these other substances are separated before the methane is put into a pipeline or tanker storage(CO2) A process for retaining captured CO2, so that it does not reach the atmosphere or natural gasGas stored underground; It consists largely of methane, but can also contain other hydrocarbons, water, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, these other substances are separated before the methane is put into a pipeline or tanker production, can be monitored, e.g. by remote sensing in case of on-shore sites (e.g. Kühn et al., 2009). This way, areas of localised strain can be identified and monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions could be intensified in such areas to provide baseline data for the quantification of further movements which eventually might cause damage to buildings. Then, additionally, monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions tools for strain measurements can be installed in places of concern for health and safety monitoringMeasurement and surveillance activities necessary for ensuring safe and reliable operation of a CGS project (storage integrity), and for estimating emission reductions. Even gentle, aseismic deformation of larger areas might pose environmental Risks, e.g. in flat low lands where subtle changes of the drainage patterns might affect sensitive ecosystems such as wetlands or tidal flats.